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改革最难啃的骨头
The article traces the historical inevitability of state-owned enterprise (SOE) reform, contrasts the 'golden era' of SOEs with the plight of migrant workers, argues that breaking the 'iron rice bowl' is the core justice of marketization, and warns of the costs and risks of SOE reform. 
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毛有话说 2026-08-13 19:58 北京
勿庸讳言，有一点争议最大，这恰恰是是市场化改革最硬的骨头。
改革，就是改掉利益集团。我认为，打破“铁饭碗”才是最大的公正。国企工人是人，农民是不是人？农民工是不是人？为啥农民就必须一辈子在农村“修地球”？为啥同样是工人，农民工干着苦累3倍的活，拿着不到1/3的工资，还没任何保障？凭什么只有特定群体才有“铁饭碗”？还能子女顶班，世袭罔替？
既然市场经济改革，当然每个人的价值都要在市场中重新定价，这是天经地义的经济规律。
国企改革是刮骨疗毒，壮士断腕。没有这一步“风险的一跃”，就没有今天的中国经济。
我青少年时是亲历过的。很多人不知道当时的国营大厂什么状态，甚至怀念那个黄金时代。确实，对于厂子里的正式职工无疑是黄金时代。那时候，国企不是个生产单位，而是一个小社会，从摇篮到坟墓一条龙服务，有食堂、宿舍、幼儿园、小学、中学、医院，全部免费。低工资，高福利，严重人浮于事，一个人的活，十个人干，整天就是喝茶、看报、打牌、聊天、带孩子、混日子。下班还能顺点公家东西，公私不分，以厂为家。当时有句流行语，“外国有个加拿大，中国有个大家拿”。不拿白不拿，反正都铁饭碗，熟人社会，低头不见抬头见，大厂里面一辈子就是混关系。
可是，这个“黄金时代”是建立在整个国民经济大幅失血、国企年年巨亏、银行全面技术性破产、全社会资源供养的基础之上的。
当年他搞的，其实就是现在阿根廷米莱搞的，电锯改革。
Key Quotes
> Since we are reforming toward a market economy, of course everyone's value must be repriced in the market—that is an economic law as old as the hills.
> SOE reform is cutting off the rotten flesh to save the patient, a warrior's resolve to cut off one's own arm. Without this 'risky leap,' there would be no China's economy today.
> This 'golden era' was built on the foundation of the entire national economy suffering massive hemorrhage, SOEs posting annual huge losses, banks facing comprehensive technical insolvency, and the whole society's resources supporting them.
> There's Canada abroad, and there's 'we take' here in China. Might as well take it since we're not taking anything for free—after all, everyone has an iron rice bowl, it's a familiar society where you see each other bowing and scraping, and inside the big factory you spend your whole life just guanxi-wheeling.
Tags
SOE Reform
Marketization
Historical Reflection
Income Distribution
Social Justice
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